Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
type: channel
description: Intermestic: Journal of International Studies (INTERMESTIC) is a peer-reviewed bi-annual academic journal. It is dedicated to facilitating the exchange of ideas and research on themes that focus on various issues within the international-domestic spectrum or global-local relations by diverse actors, which includes but is not limited to transnational movements, intercultural exchanges, domestic-foreign policy relations, practices of diplomacy, global-local governance as well as global-local political economy, and contemporary security issues. INTERMESTIC accepts original manuscripts in Bahasa or English with the following types: Scholarly Article, Book Review, and Review Article. The Journal is published twice a year, in May and November, and published by Universitas Padjadjaran in collaboration with the Indonesian International Relations Science Association (AIHII). INTERMESTIC has been accredited third grade (SINTA 3) by the Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education of Indonesia (RISTEKDIKTI). INTERMESTIC has been assigned with Digital Object Identifier (DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic) from Crossref and indexed in Science and Technology Index (SINTA) 3. INTERMESTIC is registered with the Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI): ISSN: 2503-443X (Online), URL: https://intermestic.unpad.ac.id/index.php/intermestic/index
publisher: Departemen Hubungan Internasional, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Padjadjaran
language: en
publication name: Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
issn: 2503-443X
copyright: The authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication copyright of the article shall be assigned to Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, International Relations Department, Padjadjaran University as the publisher of the journal.
items: Hibridisasi Heavy Metal dan Islam: Tranformasi Band Metal Sebagai Lahirnya Metal Islam di Indonesia
items: Does the Single Draft of COC in the South China Sea Matters?
items: Ebola Virus in West Africa as National Security Threat to the United States of America
items: Nigeria-China Bilateral Trade Relations: Is There Market Opportunities in China?
items: AUSTRALIA’S HEDGING STRATEGY IN THE UNITED STATES-CHINA RIVALRY IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION 2018-2022
items: Yogyakarta's Parallel Diplomacy to Victoria, Australia in the Preservation and Development of Regional Cultural Heritage
items: A Sustainable City: A Parallel Diplomacy Study of Bandung towards Kawasaki in Handling Carbons Emissions
items: Analysis of Security Projections in the Reconciliation of Relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia
items: Strengthening South-South Cooperation: Indonesia’s Grant to Afghanistan in 2022
items: The Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Renewable Projects in Indonesia
items: Indonesia's Diplomacy Towards Japan Through The Cultural Instrument Of Tunun Gringsing Bali
items: Optimizing the Indonesian Counter-Terrorism Strategy through the Center for Terrorism Analysis and Crisis Control
items: Gastronomy in Mustikarasa: Exploring Soft-Power Resource in Sukarno’s Gastrodiplomacy
items: Trade Wars in International Relations
items: The Economic and Social Aspects of Bengkalis, Indonesia-Malaysia Mobility for ASEAN Economic Connectivity
items: Navigating the Continuity of Indonesia-China Relations in the Mining and Energy Sectors After the 2024 Election
items: Identity Does Matter: A Comparative Study of Turkey–Bulgaria's Accession into the European Union
items: The The Impact of Russian Trade Sanctions on the Fertilizer Supply Chain in Indonesia
items: An Idiosyncratic Approach in the Indonesia-Japan Collaboration to Advance Renewable Energy and Public Transportation in Semarang
items: How Non-Muslim Country Expand Its Halal Food to Muslim Country: The Study of South Korea in Indonesia During COVID-19
items: Digital Public Diplomacy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the Instagram Account @KEMLU_RI Indonesia's G20 Presidency in 2022
items: Diplomasi Komersial Indonesia dalam Promosi Investasi Industri EV Tahun 2019 – 2022
items: Penyelundupan dan Perdagangan Barang Ilegal di Wilayah Perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina
items: Pemindahan Ibu Kota Negara Indonesia dalam Perspektif Hubungan Internasional: Tinjauan Geopolitik dan Potensi Ancaman
items: Mapping Mapping the Development of Paradiplomacy Research through Bibliometric Analysis
items: Donald Trump's Foreign Policy: Withdrawal From International Regimes and Organizations
items: The Implementation Of CRPD In Indonesia to Ensure Educational Rights For Autistic Children (Case Study: Makassar)
items: Abenomics, Diplomasi Ekonomi, dan Ekspor Infrastruktur Jepang di Indonesia
items: Penguatan dan Tantangan Soft Diplomacy Australia di Kawasan Indo-Pasifik
items: Tantangan Keamanan dan Strategi Adaptif Filipina Dalam Rivalitas Amerika Serikat dan Cina di Kawasan Asia Pasifik

Hibridisasi Heavy Metal dan Islam: Tranformasi Band Metal Sebagai Lahirnya Metal Islam di Indonesia
type: item
description: This paper aims to analyze the hybridition of heavy metal and Islam through Islamic metal in Jakarta, Bandung and several other places in Indonesia, which have changed the metal scene in Indonesia. This paper uses a descriptive discussion with qualitative methods and concepts of hybridization and cosmopolitanism. The results of this study indicate, Islamic metal occurs, because of the low conflict between government, Islam and metal. The presence of Islamic metal in the metal scene changes community patterns, habits and identity in metal, by applying values based on Islam. The existence of Islamic metal as a new sub-genre incites the pros and cons of Islam and the metal scene, because it considers the phenomenon of exclusivity in inclusiveness in metal.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: cosmopolitanism
  topic: keywords
subject: hybridization
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic and Indonesian heavy metal
  topic: keywords
creator: Anis Sujudi
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2025-11-01
publication date: 2025-11-01
starting page: 200
ending page: 221
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v4n2.6

Does the Single Draft of COC in the South China Sea Matters?
type: item
description: This paper attempts to elaborate on the impact of the Single Draft of CoC in resolving the South China Sea (SCS) dispute. This paper uses the concept of International Dispute Settlement Procedures (IDSPs), where the parties try to resolve problems based on international law. This paper argues that countries in the region have been trying to have CoC mechanisms since the 1990s. Although in 2018, the ASEAN countries and China agreed on a Single Draft of CoC in the SCS, however the settlement of the SCS dispute is far from over. The CoC Single Draft is only a collection of ASEAN and China proposals. The Single Draft weaknesses in terms of legal status are they do not clearly state the obligations of each country to add or withdraw their respective proposals.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: ASEAN
  topic: keywords
subject: IDSPs
  topic: keywords
subject: Single Draft of COC
  topic: keywords
subject: South China Sea
  topic: keywords
creator: Agus Haryanto
creator: Arief Bakhtiar Darmawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-05-31
publication date: 2020-05-31
starting page: 161
ending page: 178
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v4n2.4

Ebola Virus in West Africa as National Security Threat to the United States of America
type: item
description: This study sought to explain the reasons the United States (US) makes the Ebola virus became pandemic in West Africa as a priority of US national security. This research is shows that the US lowered its troops to 3,000 troops to Liberia. In addition, countries in the West African region in particular Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia as countries affected by the Ebola geopolitically located in the Sahel region highly vulnerable to conflict likely to be used by terrorist groups. Through linkages framework of national security and foreign policy, this study will explain the reasons behind the US decision in making the Ebola virus as a national security priority. By using literature and data analysis, this research concluded that the US has Ebola as a national security priority for the United States wants to prevent the use of Ebola virus for bioterrorism events. This is confirmed by the adoption of the US strategy of selective engagement through the use of the countries in West Africa as an instrument for anticipating such bioterrorism.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Amerika Serikat
  topic: keywords
subject: bioterorisme
  topic: keywords
subject: epidemi virus Ebola
  topic: keywords
subject: keamanan nasional
  topic: keywords
subject: selective engagement
  topic: keywords
creator: Kemas Muhammad Zulfikar
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-05-31
publication date: 2020-05-31
starting page: 124
ending page: 138
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v4n2.2

Nigeria-China Bilateral Trade Relations: Is There Market Opportunities in China?
type: item
description: This study used normalized revealed sectoral comparative advantage, import demand share, growth identification and facilitation framework to identify market opportunities for Nigeria in the Chinese markets over the period 1988-2017. Our findings revealed that Nigeria has a steady and long-term comparative advantage in few commodities and there is limited scope for Nigeria to improve on its balance of trade due to limited export potentials. Furthermore, sixteen market opportunities were identified, out of which fourteen are stable and growing markets. Our findings also revealed that these market opportunities can't all be meet by Nigeria, as these commodities were not exportable due to poor competitive position and highly capital-intensive nature of the commodities. These findings are not only relevant to academics but also for policy making.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: export potentials
  topic: keywords
subject: IDS
  topic: keywords
subject: market opportunities
  topic: keywords
subject: Nigeria-China
  topic: keywords
subject: NRCA
  topic: keywords
creator: Kabiru Hannafi Ibrahim
creator: Dyah Wulan Sari
creator: Rossanto Dwi Handoyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2020 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
date: 2020-05-31
publication date: 2020-05-31
starting page: 139
ending page: 160
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v4n2.3

AUSTRALIA’S HEDGING STRATEGY IN THE UNITED STATES-CHINA RIVALRY IN THE INDO-PACIFIC REGION 2018-2022
type: item
description: Indo-Pacific region has been an important region for Australia, Australia has made Indo-Pacific as a main region for implementing its foreign policy. Indo-Pacific region is known as high politic economic region with the influential countries, this become both a strength and a weakness for Australia. Though Australia get advantages to join important cooperation, US-China rivalry conflict requires a bad impact for Australia. Political conflict makes the stability of Indo-Pacific region begins to fall, so Australia trying to control its national security. Australia must choose an impartial policy between the US-China, though Australia has diplomatic relations with both. This research uses descriptive qualitative research, with Hedging Theory and Balance of Power (BOP) Theory. The results of this study elucidated the hedging strategy implemented by Australia in response to the rivalry conflict between the United States andChina in the Indo-Pacific region during 2018–2022, which posed threats to both Australia's security and regional stability.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Strategi, Hedging, Australia, Kawasan Indo-Pasifik, 2018-2022.
  topic: keywords
subject: STRATEGI HEDGING AUSTRALIA DALAM RIVALITAS AMERIKA SERIKAT-TIONGKOK DI KAWASAN INDO-PASIFIK 2018-2022
  topic: subjects
creator: Annisa Ernianda
creator: Ira Patriani
creator: Hardi Halunaza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 494
ending page: 516
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.11

Yogyakarta's Parallel Diplomacy to Victoria, Australia in the Preservation and Development of Regional Cultural Heritage
type: item
description: The purpose of this research is to analyze the parallel diplomacy activities by DIY towards Victoria, Australia in the preservation and development of local cultural heritage. Local cultural heritage plays an important role in strengthening the identity of a region and can be used as an opportunity for cooperation. DIY, which is known as the center of Javanese culture, is aware of this potential and strives to preserve and develop cultural heritage by utilizing international networks, namely parallel diplomacy. The concept of parallel diplomacy used in this research makes the foreign actions taken by DIY legitimate in the national and international law. The approach used in this research is qualitative with interview techniques and document studies. The findings obtained from this research show that DIY's parallel diplomacy does not only introduce local culture to global parties, but also strengthens relationships between actors and produces concrete cooperation in the context of preserving and developing local cultural heritage.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Cultural Heritage, Parallel Diplomacy, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Victoria.
  topic: keywords
creator: Fajar Nur Roudhotul Jannah
creator: Fuad Azmi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 474
ending page: 493
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.10

A Sustainable City: A Parallel Diplomacy Study of Bandung towards Kawasaki in Handling Carbons Emissions
type: item
description: Global climate change has increased the earth's temperature and carbon emissions, including in Bandung City, which now has moderate air quality. In response, Bandung City Government seeks to reduce carbon emissions through various steps, including parallel diplomacy with international parties such as Kawasaki City. This research uses the concept of parallel diplomacy and approaches qualitative methods through descriptive analysis methods. The results show that carbon emissions in Bandung City have been relatively high in the last five years. Handling efforts are carried out by involving foreign cooperation, especially with Kawasaki City, which has been established for a long time through various environmental programs, including carbon emission reduction. However, in its implementation, Bandung City's parallel diplomacy still refers to Indonesian law. In conclusion, Bandung-Kawasaki's parallel diplomacy runs quite well when many actors are involved. However, there are challenges due to differences in the two cities' structure and stages of diplomatic governance.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Bandung City, Carbon Emissions, Kawasaki City, Parallel Diplomacy
  topic: keywords
creator: Rosania Laoli
creator: Windy Dermawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 449
ending page: 473
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.9

Analysis of Security Projections in the Reconciliation of Relations between Iran and Saudi Arabia
type: item
description: With ideological battles, defense rivalries, and the rise of proxies in regional countries, Saudi Arabia and Iran represent the pinnacle of rivalry in the Middle East region. Both countries have had a history of volatile conflict escalation over the past few decades, culminating in Iran's severance of diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia in 2016. After many years, they finally agreed to reconciliation and improvement of diplomatic relations, particularly in the field of security. China has played an important role as a broker in this reconciliation process. This has shifted the role of security policy, which has long been dominated by the United States. This paper aims to analyze how the Saudi Iranian rapprochement affects the stability of the Middle East Security Complex. We use the Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) of Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver to analyze and project the dynamics of the relationship between these two countries on the security of the Middle East region. The research methodology uses an exploratory qualitative approach to broaden the scope of the analysis of the security implications of the Middle East, after the improvement of the relationship between these two countries.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: China, Iran, Reconciliation, RSCT, Saudi Arabia
  topic: keywords
subject: Security
  topic: subjects
subject: Foreign Policy
  topic: subjects
subject: Midle East
  topic: subjects
creator: Alwi Akbar
creator: Yon Machmudi
creator: Naufal Fikri
creator: Yusril Ihza Mahendra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 420
ending page: 448
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.8

Strengthening South-South Cooperation: Indonesia’s Grant to Afghanistan in 2022
type: item
description: This research aims to analyze the implementation of Indonesia's grant program for Afghanistan in 2022 as a manifestation of strengthening South-South cooperation. By exploring using the constructivism approach in international relations related to the identity and interests of the two countries, it forms a pattern of bilateral cooperation. The research used qualitative method with data collection techniques through journals and reports on strengthening South-South cooperation through grant programs. The results showed that the grant program was allocated into three priority sectors: Handling the Food Crisis, Capacity Building Training in Maternal and Child Health, and Educational Support Assistance for Afghan Postgraduate Students. The program successfully trained and improved the academic skills of Afghans, increased agricultural productivity in targeted areas and access to basic health services. While this cooperation has faced challenges, Indonesia's adaptive approach through cooperation with local organizations and the use of information technology for remote monitoring has proven effective. This study concludes that the success of the grant program not only strengthens bilateral relations but also shows the strengthening of state-identity solidarity in the south-south region, which emphasizes equality, care, and the encouragement of identity among Muslim-developing countries.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: South-South Cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: Overseas Grant
  topic: keywords
subject: Identity Muslim-Development Countries
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Afghanistan
  topic: keywords
creator: Muh. Zulhamdi Suhafid
creator: Nur Aliyah Zainal
creator: Miftah Farid Darussalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 398
ending page: 419
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.7

The Role of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in Renewable Projects in Indonesia
type: item
description: This article discusses the role of MNCs in the application of renewable energy in Indonesia. The pressing issue with renewable energy in Indonesia is the critical need for more funding to realize renewable energy programs to achieve SDG targets. Many MNCs invest in the renewable energy sector in Indonesia, such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, and others. The SDGs concept is used in this research by looking at the application aspect, its effect on the economy, and MNC involvement in renewable energy in Indonesia. This research aims to accelerate the application of renewable energy in Indonesia by supporting all stakeholders in focusing on the application of renewable energy for shared economic growth.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: The Role of MNCs
  topic: keywords
subject: Implementation
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy project
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Renewable energy
  topic: subjects
subject: MNCs
  topic: subjects
creator: Tia Mariatul Kibtiah
creator: Muhammad Ghafarrel Kamal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 376
ending page: 397
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.6

Indonesia's Diplomacy Towards Japan Through The Cultural Instrument Of Tunun Gringsing Bali
type: item
description: Tunun Gringsing, a traditional Balinese cloth made with the rare double ikat technique, is found in only three countries: Indonesia, Japan, and India. In Japan, it is known as Kurume Kasuri, originating from Fukuoka. This cultural connection between Indonesia and Japan was highlighted at the 2022 Diversity Festival, where both fabrics were exhibited together, emphasizing their role in strengthening bilateral relations. This research aims to describe Indonesia's diplomatic efforts towards Japan using the Tunun Gringsing Bali instrument. This research explores Indonesia's use of Tunun Gringsing as a tool for cultural diplomacy towards Japan, focusing on the actors, activities, and objectives involved. Using qualitative methods, data were collected through interviews and literature reviews. The use of Tunun Gringsing as an instrument of cultural diplomacy is also part of Indonesia's public diplomacy.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: culture; diplomacy; Indonesia; Japan; public diplomacy; Tunun Gringsing
  topic: keywords
creator: Putu Ratih Kumala Dewi
creator: Ni Luh Putu Cintya Devi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 356
ending page: 375
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.5

Optimizing the Indonesian Counter-Terrorism Strategy through the Center for Terrorism Analysis and Crisis Control
type: item
description: Penurunan serangan teroris dan melemahnya jaringan teroris internasional selama lima tahun terakhir belum seluruhnya menghilangkan ancaman terorisme di Indonesia. Potensi ancaman tetap tinggi karena faktor-faktor seperti penggunaan teknologi untuk rekrutmen dan radikalisasi secara online, keterlibatan perempuan dan remaja, serta kerentanan situasi politik domestik. Untuk menjawab masalah ini, penelitian dengan metodologi kualitatif dilakukan untuk mengkaji strategi Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai BNPT dalam memenuhi perannya sebagai Pusat Analisis dan Pengendalian Krisis Terorisme (Pusdalsis) sebagaimana diamanatkan oleh Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 2018. Kesimpulan diambil dari data yang diperoleh melalui diskusi kelompok terpumpun dengan para pembuat kebijakan, tinjauan pustaka, serta analisis kebijakan kontraterorisme dari Indonesia dan negara lain sebagai referensi. Temuan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa fungsi BNPT sebagai pusat analisis dan pengendalian krisis terorisme perlu dioptimalkan melalui adanya regulasi untuk memperkuat perannya dan mendorong komunikasi dan koordinasi yang efektif antara BNPT dengan pemangku kepentingan terkait.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Terrorism
  topic: keywords
subject: BNPT
  topic: keywords
subject: Pusdalsis
  topic: keywords
subject: Crisis Control
  topic: keywords
subject: Counter-terrorism strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: Security
  topic: subjects
subject: Terrorism
  topic: subjects
subject: Counter-terrorism strategy
  topic: subjects
creator: Angel Damayanti
creator: Darynaufal Mulyaman
creator: Yesi Riana Yusnita Sari
creator: Muhammad Firdaus Rajendra
creator: Arigato Dimitri Batistuta
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 332
ending page: 355
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.4

Gastronomy in Mustikarasa: Exploring Soft-Power Resource in Sukarno’s Gastrodiplomacy
type: item
description: National cookbook Mustikarasa composed by president Sukarno shows the importance of Indonesian gastronomy in the practice of his gastrodiplomacy. This study aims to examine gastronomic assets documented in Mustikarasa, exploring Sukarno’s gastrodiplomacy maneuver that led to the making of the cookbook. To that end, this study uses Joseph Nye’s soft power theory and employs a qualitative method, which combines a systematic literature review with expert interviews. This method allows this study to find that Sukarno composed Mustikarasa because he perceived Indonesian gastronomy as soft-power resource. He deemed gastronomy to become soft-power resource because it contains cultural, historical, and philosophical values, which he sought to use to build the image and position of the nation on the international stage. For the president, those values were important because they were part of Indonesian identity that he liked to introduced and promote globally through gastrodiplomacy post-independence. This study contributes to enriching existing literature on Mustikarasa as this cookbook witnessed Indonesia’s first gastrodiplomacy maneuver in the implementation of Indonesian foreign policy
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
creator: Alessandro Kurniawan Ulung
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 300
ending page: 331

Trade Wars in International Relations
type: item
subject: Editorial
  topic: section
creator: Junita Budi Rachman
creator: Arry Bainus
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 265
ending page: 282
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.1

The Economic and Social Aspects of Bengkalis, Indonesia-Malaysia Mobility for ASEAN Economic Connectivity
type: item
description: Prosperity becomes the goal for society in the world. Scholars have their own approaches and measures to achieve it. One of ASEAN goal is to create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive economic region. Regional economic integration can be accomplished with maritime connectivity due to geographic location, particularly between Bengkalis, Indonesia with Malaysia (Muar, Malaka, Kuala Lumpur). Bandar Sri Setia Raja could reduce transport cost, provide more efficient service and increased opportunities from tourism. Port connectivity will affect social and economic lives of Bengkalis residents. The research elaborated how significant role of Bandar Sri Setia Raja seaport for resident mobilization for social and economic activities, the challenges, and prospects. This research was mixed of quantitative and qualitative methodology of 15 male travellers to Malaysia, 5 female tourers, and 10 male and female local residents’ tourists to Malaysia for leisure and healing. Secondary data from Indonesian official report, statistics, and news were utilized to describe economic gain. In-depth interviews tried to collect detailed data of migrant voices about their experiences, challenges, and hopes. The study showed Sri Setia Raja port could afford ASEAN economic community as well as social benefit. Bengkalis residents were able to save money, time and energy to visit Malaysia for working, healing, and doing micro business. Bengkalis Island locates quite far from Pekanbaru’s international airport or Dumai’s international port so Sri Setia Raja is the best option to go overseas.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: ASEAN Economic Connectivity, Bandar Sri Setia Raja, Bengkalis, economic and social aspects, mobility
  topic: keywords
subject: Political economy
  topic: subjects
creator: Umi Oktyari Retnaningsih
creator: Ahmad Jamaan
creator: Saiman Pakpahan
creator: Indra Pahlawan
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-07-29
publication date: 2025-07-29
starting page: 283
ending page: 300
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n2.2

Navigating the Continuity of Indonesia-China Relations in the Mining and Energy Sectors After the 2024 Election
type: item
description: This research aims to analyze the potential for continuity of Indonesia-China relations in the mining and energy sectors after the 2024 elections. By using the concepts of foreign policy in developing countries and change and continuity, the author argues that the results of the 2024 elections are unlikely to change Indonesia-China relations. Mining and energy cooperation between the two countries has provided great benefits for Indonesia. Currently, China is still Indonesia's largest coal-fired power plant (CFPP) investor, with a total supply of 12,949 MW and 1,800 MW that are still under construction. Furthermore, China's downstream policy has bolstered Indonesia's domestic production capabilities, enabling it to produce semi-finished mineral products like briquettes, coke, semi-coke, upgraded coal, ferronickel, nickel pig iron, and nickel matter at elevated prices. The construction of smelters and large-scale industrial areas has also made Indonesia an important player in the global production chain, controlling 48.48% of the world's total nickel production. We also need to keep in mind that Indonesia is still a developing country, which is undeniably influential in the process of determining foreign policy strategies and goals. As a developing country, economic growth through investment policies will still be the government's main priority. Therefore, the transition of power from President Jokowi to the next government will likely only form a pattern of intensification; that is, it will not change Indonesia-China foreign policy in the mining and energy sectors. This step will be followed by strengthening goals, defining scope, and defining policy strategies to maximize cooperation in an effort to strengthen the position of the two countries in the global mineral and energy supply chain.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: 2024 Election
  topic: keywords
subject: Regime Transition
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia-China Relations
  topic: keywords
subject: Mining and Energy Sector
  topic: keywords
subject: Foreign Policy
  topic: subjects
subject: Mining
  topic: subjects
subject: Energy
  topic: subjects
subject: Developing Country
  topic: subjects
creator: Yusril Ihza Mahendra
creator: Siti Muti'ah Setiawati
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 19
ending page: 45
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.1

Identity Does Matter: A Comparative Study of Turkey–Bulgaria's Accession into the European Union
type: item
description: The European Union’s enlargement process, guided by the Copenhagen Criteria, is a multi-faceted exercise influenced by both technical and socio-cultural factors. While the Criteria set standards in political, economic, and legal spheres, the accession of nations often hinges on deep-rooted perceptions of identity and cultural congruence. using the contrasting cases of Bulgaria and Turkey, this article explores the nuances of EU accession. Bulgaria’s relatively smooth accession, despite its initial economic and political challenges, stands in stark contrast to Turkey’s prolonged and complex negotiation process. Although Turkey has made significant reforms aligning with EU standards and showcased impressive economic growth, underlying factors such as historical tensions, cultural differences, geographical concerns, and human rights issues have impeded its membership. This comparative analysis underscores the interplay of objective criteria and subjective notions of European identity in the EU enlargement process.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: EU Enlargement, Socio-Cultural Identity, Turkey, Bulgaria
  topic: keywords
creator: Zain Maulana
creator: Meitha Azzahra Pangestika
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 244
ending page: 264
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.10

The The Impact of Russian Trade Sanctions on the Fertilizer Supply Chain in Indonesia
type: item
description: This research was conducted to analyze the impact of the Russian trade sanctions regime conflict on the Indonesian fertilizer supply chain using the concepts of inter-state conflict, international food trade and the global food system. As a result, researchers see the blockade of Ukrainian ports in 2022 as Russia's retaliatory action to restore the economic situation which has experienced a decline since 2014. The blockade is a driving factor in the food system, affecting the stability and availability of Indonesian fertilizer. Supply chain disruptions only resulted in a spike in fertilizer prices during the conflict, but did not significantly result in major losses for farmers. This analysis is based on the findings of Russian fertilizer import data which actually increased in 2022-2023 and the Indonesian government's quick response to the threat of decreasing fertilizer volumes and a spike in global fertilizer prices.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: fertilizer supply chain
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Russia-Ukraine conflict
  topic: keywords
subject: trade sanctions
  topic: keywords
subject: Konflik Rusia-Ukraina
  topic: subjects
creator: Wa Ode Kodrat Rahmatika
creator: Arry Bainus
creator: Dina Yulianti
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 104
ending page: 127
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.4

An Idiosyncratic Approach in the Indonesia-Japan Collaboration to Advance Renewable Energy and Public Transportation in Semarang
type: item
description: This study explores the impact of a leader's characteristics, particularly idiosyncratic personality traits. A prominent case study involves Mayor Hendrar Prihadi of Semarang, Indonesia, whose unique and powerful influence has significantly shaped the success of cooperation between Indonesia and Japan in the city. This study uses qualitative descriptive research. This paper relies on primary data sources, in the form of interviews with key informants and secondary data, in the form of documentation studies from relevant sources. The study reveals that city diplomacy, as observed in Semarang, is strongly associated with the Mayor's personality, level of sensitivity in responding to global issues, the influence of Javanese cultural and religious values, personal and organizational principles, and motives aimed at providing benefits to the city, particularly in the effort to create a zero-carbon urban environment. These findings underscore the link between a leader's characteristics and the decision-making process in the realm of city diplomacy, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of personality elements that guide policy choices.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: city diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: idiosyncratic personality
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia-Japan cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: leadership influence
  topic: keywords
subject: Semarang city
  topic: keywords
creator: Anna Yulia Hartati
creator: Yuwanto Yuwanto
creator: Teguh Yuwono
creator: Muhammad Adnan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 221
ending page: 243
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.9

How Non-Muslim Country Expand Its Halal Food to Muslim Country: The Study of South Korea in Indonesia During COVID-19
type: item
description: Tulisan ini mencoba membahas bagaimana Korea Selatan menggunakan pendekatannya untuk memajukan kepentingan nasional, khususnya dalam meningkatkan ekonominya melalui industri makanan halal, dengan menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dan studi pustaka berbasis dokumen. Penulis mendasarkan penelitian ini pada teori gastrodiplomasi dan konsep industri Halal. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketika wabah Covid-19 melanda, Korea Selatan melakukan beberapa upaya untuk melindungi kepentingan nasionalnya dengan meningkatkan pengiriman produk Halal ke Indonesia. Bahwa produk Halal menimbulkan tantangan bagi hubungan diplomatik kedua negara. Salah satu langkah Korea Selatan dalam menghadapi hal ini adalah mempromosikan makanan halal di Indonesia melalui kerja sama dengan penyedia sertifikasi Halal dan K-Food Fair, telah diadakan sebelum wabah Covid-19. Kesimpulan ini signifikan karena, diplomasi memungkinkan Indonesia dan Korea Selatan untuk memperluas ekonomi mereka sambil menjaga hubungan yang positif.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
creator: Vita Kamila Assa'adah
creator: Ali Maksum
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 198
ending page: 220
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.8

Digital Public Diplomacy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs through the Instagram Account @KEMLU_RI Indonesia's G20 Presidency in 2022
type: item
description: This paper aims to evaluate the implementation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' digital public diplomacy through social media, Instagram. Given the many uploads that have been made by the @kemlu_ri account, this research will focus on the content of Indonesia's presidency of the G20 in 2022. The G20 presidency was chosen given its status as a national agenda that has international attention, both from the institutional aspect and the post-pandemic situation. The theories/concepts used in this research are digital public diplomacy and social media. The method used is qualitative by making @kemlu_ri content uploads as a primary data source plus interviews with the Directorate of Information and Media, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as a form of data verification. From the evaluation conducted, the author argues that the use of social media Instagram as a means of digital public diplomacy related to Indonesia's presidency in the G20 in 2022 is not optimal. The argumentation given in this paper refers to the three dimensions of social media in digital public diplomacy, namely: (i) agenda-setting; (ii) presence expansion; and (iii) conversation-generating.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: digital public diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: G20
  topic: keywords
subject: Instagram
  topic: keywords
subject: social media
  topic: keywords
creator: Rizky Hikmawan
creator: Laode Muhammad Fathun
creator: Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi Astuti
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 178
ending page: 197
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.7

Diplomasi Komersial Indonesia dalam Promosi Investasi Industri EV Tahun 2019 – 2022
type: item
description: In solving challenges related to the development of the EV industry, one of the steps taken by Indonesia is to build cooperation and practice commercial diplomacy with various parties, including multinational automotive business actors. This study aims to understand the differences in the pattern of commercial diplomacy between Indonesia and its partner countries, namely South Korea, China, and Japan, also its relation to the strategy and influence of the target object of investment promotion in the EV industry from 2019 to 2022. Data were analyzed using the verification and triangulation method based on the concept of commercial diplomacy by Potter (2004), and investment promotion strategies according to Wells and Wint (2000). The results of the study show that there are differences in the pattern of the stages of commercial diplomacy, the investment promotion approach, and characteristics of investors in the context of Indonesia for each of the countries studied.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Diplomasi Komersial
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: industri kendaraan listrik
  topic: keywords
subject: promosi investasi
  topic: keywords
subject: Diplomasi Komersial
  topic: subjects
creator: Wahyu Suryodarsono
creator: Tatok Djoko Sudiarto
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 128
ending page: 156
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.5

Penyelundupan dan Perdagangan Barang Ilegal di Wilayah Perbatasan Indonesia-Filipina
type: item
description: Smuggling and trade of illegal goods in the Indonesia-Philippines border continues to this day. This study aimed to discern the routes and methods used for those illegal activities and identify the types of goods smuggled and traded from the Philippines to Indonesia from a transnational organized crime perspective. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. Data were obtained using the following techniques: in-depth interviews, observations, literary studies, and comparison of field findings with theoretical frameworks. The results suggested three main routes for smuggling and illegal trading. The operation is carried out disguised as fishermen bartering fishery products using small, modified boats such as pump boats, supported by information from existing smuggling networks on the land. The smuggled goods are identified as fighting roosters, vitamins and medications for roosters, ethyl alcohol-containing beverages/MMEA, cosmetics, plywood, and firearms.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: illegal trade; Indonesian border; smuggling; transnational crime
  topic: keywords
subject: Transnational crime
  topic: subjects
creator: Ridwan Nento
creator: Burhan Niode
creator: Welly Waworundeng
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 46
ending page: 76
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.2

Pemindahan Ibu Kota Negara Indonesia dalam Perspektif Hubungan Internasional: Tinjauan Geopolitik dan Potensi Ancaman
type: item
description: This research has the main objective of conducting a strategic review of the relocation of Indonesia's capital city to the East Kalimantan region, where the review focuses on the geopolitical aspects of the archipelago's capital, potential threats arising from the complexity of security in the Indo-Pacific region, and how to develop defense strategies for shape the future of the archipelago's capital city. This research uses the theory of Defensive Realism from Kenneth N. Waltz, as well as the Regional Security Complex Theory from Berry Buzan to show that national security cannot be achieved if a country does not pay attention to regional security. The findings and analysis of the study show that geostrategically the position of the capital of the archipelago is very vulnerable, this is due to its position in the center of the Indo-Pacific region with all the existing security issues. In this condition, air and sea dimensions become the main source of threat considering the development of the conflict between the United States and China, so the development of defense strategy is focused on establishing a layered defense system and improving the air defense system.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Ibu Kota Nusantara
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Security Complex
  topic: keywords
subject: Strategi Pertahanan
  topic: keywords
subject: Indo-Pasifik
  topic: keywords
subject: Tinjauan Geopolitik
  topic: keywords
creator: Yusep Ginanjar
creator: Agus Subagyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 77
ending page: 103
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.3

Mapping Mapping the Development of Paradiplomacy Research through Bibliometric Analysis
type: item
description: The purpose of this paper was to analyze the bibliometric characteristics of articles on paradiplomacy published in Scopus-indexed by analyzing the development of paradiplomacy studies, the prominent authors with the most citations, and the prominent journals containing the most paradiplomacy studies. This research used a bibliometric and content analysis of publications in the Scopus database collected through Publish and Perish. By using VOSviewer, a total of 109 articles were analyzed by classifying title, abstract, and keywords. The findings show that trend of paradiplomacy research focuses on theoretical frameworks and paradiplomacy issues such as globalization, federalism, development, foreign policy, and interests. Future research may be focused on case studies and elaborating forms of paradiplomacy. The findings also indicate that Canada, the USA, and Europe still dominate paradiplomacy studies, but research from other areas may emerge in the future. The prominent author with the most citations is Noe Cornago, while the prominent journal contains the most paradiplomatic research is The Hague Journal of Diplomacy (HJD). The Conclusion is paradiplomacy research has increased significantly. Canada, the USA, and Europe are the largest contributors to paradiplomacy publications, but other regions such as Latin America, Asia, and Africa have also begun to focus on this study. Thus, Latin America, Asia, and Africa need to be more active in research on this topic by bringing up empirical practices experienced by themselves.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: bibliometric, paradiplomacy, publish and perish, Scopus, VOSviewer
  topic: keywords
subject: International Relations
  topic: subjects
subject: paradiplomacy
  topic: subjects
creator: Sri Issundari
creator: Yanyan Mochamad Yani
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2025-05-17
publication date: 2025-05-17
starting page: 157
ending page: 177
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v9n1.6

Donald Trump's Foreign Policy: Withdrawal From International Regimes and Organizations
type: item
description: This research delves into transformative shifts in United States (US) foreign policy during Donald Trump’s presidency, specifically focusing on withdrawals from crucial international agreements like the Paris Agreement, TPP, UNHRC, UNESCO, and UNRWA. Utilizing the Poliheuristic theory, the study aims to comprehend the rationale behind the US withdrawal from international regimes and organizations during Trump's administration. The research employs a dual-stage assessment within the Poliheuristic theory; the cognitive aspect, considering policymakers’ values, and the rational aspect, evaluating potential gains and losses. President Trump confronted three options for international organizations: remaining, renegotiating, or withdrawing. Qualitative techniques were incorporated to analyze the prioritization of the America First promise and assess the country’s engagement with these entities. Rejecting the option to remain led to a rational evaluation of renegotiation or exit. The decision to withdraw was strategically made to address unmet renegotiation demands, minimizing significant financial burdens for the US.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Donald Trump
  topic: keywords
subject: International Regime and Organizations
  topic: keywords
subject: Poliheuristic Theory
  topic: keywords
subject: U.S. Foreign Policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Alfian Maulana
creator: Nur Rachmat Yuliantoro
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2024-06-04
publication date: 2024-06-04
starting page: 527
ending page: 552
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v8n2.6

The Implementation Of CRPD In Indonesia to Ensure Educational Rights For Autistic Children (Case Study: Makassar)
type: item
description: Stigma regarding people with autism is still developing in society. The impact limits the movement of people with autism in obtaining their rights, including the right to education. This article investigates the implementation of the Convention on The Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) as a regime to discourse the educational rights of children with autism in Makassar City. The study uses Grindle and Thomas's framework to evaluate policy design, conflict arena, and regime implementation resources. While regional laws demonstrate a joyous policy design, various actors such as the Mayor, City Council, Education Office, and the autism community play crucial roles in the arena of conflict. However, challenges persist in fulfilling technical and physical resources, restricting the practical success of UNCRPD implementation for autism education in Makassar City.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: autism
  topic: keywords
subject: disabilities
  topic: keywords
subject: education
  topic: keywords
subject: UNCPRD
  topic: keywords
creator: Adi Suryadi Culla
creator: Annisa Fauziah Lawi
creator: Abdul Razaq Cangara
creator: Atika Puspita Marzaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2024-06-04
publication date: 2024-06-04
starting page: 553
ending page: 574
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v8n2.7

Abenomics, Diplomasi Ekonomi, dan Ekspor Infrastruktur Jepang di Indonesia
type: item
description: The export of infrastructure from Japan under Shinzo Abe's leadership has been the subject of several studies. Nevertheless, previous research has not extensively examined the Japanese export infrastructure initiatives in Indonesia from the perspective of economic diplomacy analysis. The researchers employed qualitative methodologies by utilizing a case study technique. The data sources utilized in this study encompass both primary and secondary sources. The study employed the theoretical framework of Maiike Okano-Heijman's Economic Diplomacy, which encompasses three primary components: commercial diplomacy, trade diplomacy, and economic/development assistance. These pillars were utilized to evaluate a specific case study.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Abenomics
  topic: keywords
subject: economic diplomacy
  topic: keywords
subject: infrastructure
  topic: keywords
subject: Japan
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: International Relations
  topic: subjects
subject: Diplomacy
  topic: subjects
creator: Nurul Aulia
creator: Lucyana Kumala
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2024-06-03
publication date: 2024-06-03
starting page: 421
ending page: 448
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v8n2.2

Penguatan dan Tantangan Soft Diplomacy Australia di Kawasan Indo-Pasifik
type: item
description: This research aims to investigate the strengthening and challenges faced by Australia's soft diplomacy in the Indo-Pacific region. The main focus of the research is on how Australia strengthens its presence in the Indo-Pacific region through various forms of public diplomacy, including cultural diplomacy, educational scholarships (New Colombo Plan and Australia Awards), and media diplomacy. The theory used is soft diplomacy which suggests that a country's influence in international relations is not only determined by military or economic strength, but also by its ability to influence and win the hearts and minds of people in other countries. The research method is a qualitative approach with data analysis from various sources of academic literature and official government documents. The research findings show that Australia has actively used soft diplomacy, but the research also identified that the soft diplomacy implemented by Australia in the Indo-Pacific region still has many weaknesses as a result of diplomatic tensions, perceptions of the Hyper-Pacific, limited resources, the complexity of regional dynamics, and Australia's inconsistency in determining priorities .
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
creator: Rizki - Damayanti
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2024-06-04
publication date: 2024-06-04
starting page: 495
ending page: 526
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v8n2.5

Tantangan Keamanan dan Strategi Adaptif Filipina Dalam Rivalitas Amerika Serikat dan Cina di Kawasan Asia Pasifik
type: item
description: The constellation and rivalry resulting in the emergence of a "dual hierarchy" between the United States and China in the Asia Pacific region triggers questions about strategy and its influence on the midde-state. This study aims to explain threats and changes in Philippine security policy that are adaptive to the conditions of the United States' rivalry with China in the Asia-Pacific Region. The research method uses a qualitative method approach through desk research from various books, journals, and mass media reports.The results show that the Philippines' adaptive strategy is a policy to respond to the impact of the United States-China hegemonic competition in the Asia-Pacific region. Compared to former president Duterte's policy of drawing closer to China by "sacrificing" security ties with the United States. Marcos Jr.'s adaptive security policy prioritizes flexible relationships. Marcos did not ally with the United States by shunning China but instead recognized China as the Philippines' strongest economic partner.
subject: Original Article
  topic: section
subject: Hegemoni AS-China
  topic: keywords
subject: Kebijakan Keamanan Adaptif
  topic: keywords
subject: Rivalitas
  topic: keywords
subject: Tantangan Keamanan
  topic: keywords
creator: Tomi Oktavianor
creator: M Najeri Al Syahrin
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Intermestic: Journal of International Studies
date: 2024-06-03
publication date: 2024-06-03
starting page: 474
ending page: 494
doi: 10.24198/intermestic.v8n2.4